Al Kharousi explained that ancient Omanis established smelting operations directly adjacent to copper mines to optimize efficiency, as evidenced near Wadi Mafa'al in Al Manaqi where mine remnants remain clearly visible. The sophisticated process involved transporting ore to nearby furnaces, purification, and then smelting using Samr wood - selected for its high resin content that generated the intense heat required for copper extraction, combined with specially designed furnace structures. “Work