Only two men can tell us if Elon Musk and Trump are truly, as of December 2025, “friends.” But the formal definition I used ...

The Monte Carlo simulation estimates the probability of different outcomes in a process that cannot easily be predicted because of the potential for random variables.

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Thomas J Catalano is a CFP and Registered ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract The results of this paper deal directly with the behavior of compositions of random probability generating functions. These results are then ...

The mathematician Daniel Litt has driven social media users to distraction with a series of simple-seeming but counterintuitive probability puzzles. In late January, Daniel Litt posed an innocent ...

Statistics Notes: Statistics is a crucial field of study that helps students learn to collect, analyze, and interpret data, understand patterns, and draw meaningful conclusions. For students up to ...

In the real world, probability is a tough thing to characterize. If I roll a die, what does it mean to say that it has a one-sixth chance of coming up 5? We say that the outcome is random because we ...

dxxx(x,) returns the density or the value on the y-axis of a probability distribution for a discrete value of x pxxx(q,) returns the cumulative density function (CDF) or the area under the curve to ...

Informally stated, we present here a randomized algorithm that given blackbox access to the polynomial f computed by an unknown/hidden arithmetic formula reconstructs, on the average, an equivalent or ...

Probability is a measure of how likely an event is to occur within a specific range of possible outcomes. While it is often associated with gambling, probability theory plays a vital role in various ...

In the reconstruction problem for a multivariate polynomial f, we have blackbox access to f and the goal is to efficiently reconstruct a representation of f in a suitable model of computation. We give ...