ECL circuits typically have relatively small logic spans of approximately 800 mV. Because of the small span, to drive TTL circuits from ECL levels normally entails the use of level converters, such as ...

In the early digital era, logic gates were made exclusively of transistors and discrete components. The obvious occupation of a large space and increased heat dissipation pushed technology to ...

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Ladder logic uses switch or relay contacts to implement Boolean expressions. In years past, ladder logic was made possible with discrete relays and was sometimes termed “relay logic.” Today most ...