Fresnel diffraction describes the complex light propagation that occurs when a wavefront encounters an abrupt phase change, typically at the boundary of two different media or at an engineered phase ...
The vortex is ubiquitous in nature, spanning from the galaxy, ocean flow, to phyllotaxis. In electromagnetic wave, the vortex can be found in spiral wavefront profiles, representing the orbital ...
pt. I. Geometrical optics. Light rays -- Plane surfaces -- Spherical surfaces -- Thin lenses -- Thick lenses -- Spherical mirrors -- The effects of stops -- Ray ...
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