Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Thomas J Catalano is a CFP and Registered ...

In batch processing, if costs are not isolated, high-volume customers and products tend to subsidize lower-volume ones. This article reviews different types of batch activities and how they would be ...

The earliest business computer systems developed in the 1950s demonstrated their efficiency by processing records in large batches. In the 1960s, equipment makers introduced interactive terminals, ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Once upon a time, electronic batch records (EBRs) were simply a means for helping pharmaceutical companies automate away the mountains of paperwork required for maintaining production batch records.

The pharmaceutical industry isn’t becoming less complex or competitive anytime soon. In addition to expiring drug patents, more stringent regulations, and a growing number of manufacturing ...

(1) Processing a group of files or databases from start to completion rather than having the user open, edit and save each of them one at a time. For example, a graphics conversion utility can change ...