There are "costs of life" that mechanical physics cannot calculate. A clear example is the energy required to keep specific biochemical processes active—such as those that make up photosynthesis, ...

Living cells pay a hidden energy price not just to run chemical reactions, but to keep them on track and block all the alternatives. A new thermodynamic framework makes it possible to calculate these ...

Scientists at the Baylor College of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, and collaborating institutions published a study, “A β-hydroxybutyrate shunt pathway generates anti-obesity ketone ...