An antigen is any substance that can trigger an immune response in the body. Antigens are typically proteins or polysaccharides that are recognized as foreign or potentially harmful by the immune ...

Our immune system is always on alert, detecting and eliminating pathogens and cancer cells. Cellular control mechanisms cause diseased cells to present antigens on their surface like signs for the ...

The major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) antigen presentation pathway is central to the adaptive immune response. In this process, intracellular proteins are degraded primarily by the ...

CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) serve as central effectors in cancer immunotherapy by directly eliminating tumor cells. However, current clinical therapies face significant limitations. These ...

New evidence shows that human M cells act as fully fledged antigen-presenting cells, processing and presenting gluten peptides through a dendritic cell-like pathway that may shape early coeliac ...